Title: Globalization and Technological Specialization: A Comparison Between Asian NIEs and Small European Economies

Abstract: This paper examines the changing pattern of technological specialization of the four small, newly industrializing economies (NIEs) from East Asia as they move up the economic development ladder, and compares it with the technological specialization trends of nine small, advanced European countries.  We suggest that globalization is a key driver for the common trend of increasing concentration across all groups of economies, while the contrasting divergence trends between the Asian NIEs and European economies are likely to reflect systematic differences in national innovation strategies.

Publication: Currently being updated with new data and revised.  An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 4th Asia-Pacific Innovation Conference, Taiwan, 6-7 December 2013

Authors: Wong, P.K., Singh, A. and Ho, Y.P.

Title: Studying the Role of the University in Knowledge Creation vs Commercialization Using Stokes’ Typology: Evidence from the National University of Singapore

Abstract: This paper proposes a means of operationalizing Stokes’ (1997) Quadrant Model by adapting an existing method in the literature (Baba et al. 2009; Shichijo et al. 2015).  We apply our classification scheme to STEM faculty members at the National University of Singapore, assigning researchers to one of the four quadrants based on their publication citations, patenting and university-industry co-publications performance.

Publication: An earlier version of this paper was presented at New Metrics for Measuring University Innovation, Singapore, 11 August, 2016. An updated version of the paper was presented at a research workshop University-Industry Collaborations And Academic Entrepreneurship: East meets West, Bologna Business School, Italy, June 5­-6 2017.

Authors: Wong, P.K., Singh, A., Tijssen, R. and Yegros, A.

Title: The Link Between Co-Publications with Industry and Patenting Output of Academics: Evidence from the National University of Singapore

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between the university-industry co-publication propensity of academics and their technology commercialization output.

Publication: Presented at STI/ENID 2014 Conference, Leiden, the Netherlands, 3-5 September 2014

Authors: Wong, P.K. and Singh, A.

Title: An Exploratory Cross-Country Analysis of the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Propensity and Income Inequality

Abstract: This paper highlights the development of a framework combining the Kirznerian and Schumpeterian views of entrepreneurship to illustrate the opposing income-distributive effects of new firm entry. Income inequality is found to increase with the rate of new firm entry. This effect is mitigated by rising levels of national income.

Publication: Currently being updated with new data and revised.  An earlier version of the paper is available at SSRN, 2383728, 1-34 (2014)

Authors: Ho, Y.P. and Wong, P.K.

Title: Do Co-publications With Industry Lead To Higher University Technology Commercialisation Activities?

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between university-industry R&D collaboration and university technology commercialisation by investigating the extent to which the latter may be influenced by the involvement of the universities in research collaboration with industry, as evidenced by their propensity to generate co-publications with industry.

Authors: Wong, P.K. and Singh, A.A.

Publication: Presented at the 2011 International Technology Management Conference, California, June 2011

Title: Exploratory and Exploitative Innovation, Institutional Capital, and Firm Performance - The Evidence from China

Abstract: While the contribution of entrepreneurship to economic growth has been well researched in recent years, its effect on income distribution has been less well-studied.  This paper examines the cross-sectional relationship between different measures of national entrepreneurial propensity and national income inequality, using recently-released datasets from UNU/WIDER, GEM and World Bank.  The findings unify the conflicting results for developing and advanced economies in the prior literature, and have clear implications for development policies.

Publication: Presented at the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Research Consortium (GERC) Conference, London, October 2010, submitted to Small Business Economics Journal.

Authors: Wong, P.K. and Ho, Y.P.

Title: Home-Base-Exploiting vs Home-Base-Augmenting Strategies Of Foreign R&D By US Electronics Firms

Abstract: This exploratory paper uses US patents to investigate the R&D locational strategies of the top patenting US electronics companies over 1976-2005, with a focus on non-Japan Asia.

Our analysis suggests that home-base-exploiting R&D remains the dominant R&D strategy for US electronics firms in Asia, but there is a trend towards more home-base-augmenting R&D in Korea and Taiwan in recent years. Policy implications for the host economies in Asia are discussed.

Publication: Invited for submission to the special issue of IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management on “Hybrid innovation management and global corporations.”

Authors: Wong, P.K. and Singh, A.

Title: Knowledge Flows of Innovation in Small Open Economies – Comparative Analysis of Ireland and Singapore

Abstract: This paper uses patents data to investigate the sources of knowledge for innovation output in two small and highly open economies, namely Ireland and Singapore.  The growth of both these economies and their national innovation systems have depended significantly on foreign multinational corporations (MNCs).  Our focus is on the pattern of knowledge sources for Irish and Singaporean organizations and how this has changed over time.

Publication: Paper presented at the Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference, November 3-4, London.

Authors: Dundas-Hewitt, N., Singh, A.A., Ho, Y.P. and Wong, P.K. (2010).

Title: Social Capital and Social Enclave: Asian Venture Capitalists in Silicon Valley

Abstract: We examine the dilemma of ethnic investors in relying on ethnic network ties to invest by using a conceptualization of the “ethnic enclave” concept that distinguishes two dimensions: social network and social status. Our analysis of the first round of venture capital funding in Silicon Valley 1976–2004 shows a higher likelihood of Asian venture capitalists (VCs) investing in Asian-led ventures than mainstream VCs. In addition, the valuation of their investments in mainstream ventures is higher than those by mainstream VCs in such ventures. In contrast, this premium paying effect is not observed when mainstream VCs invest in Asian ventures. These asymmetrical findings suggest Asian VCs pay a premium to compete in the mainstream venture market due to their lower social status rather than social network disadvantages. By disentangling the effect of social network and social status, this study offers important theoretical contributions to the general entrepreneurship literature beyond ethnic entrepreneurship.

Publication: Paper conditionally accepted for publication in Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. A previous version was presented as the AOM Conference 2013.

Authors: Zhang, J., Wong, P.K. and Ho, Y.P

Title: The Link between Co-Publications with Industry and Patenting Output of Academics: Evidence from the National University of Singapore

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between university-industry co-publication propensity of academics and their technology commercialisation output, using analysis on Engineering faculty members at a university in Singapore.

Publication: Working paper. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the STI/ENID 2014 Conference, Leiden, the Netherlands, September 2014

Authors: Wong, P. K. and Singh, A.

Title: Research Orientation and University-Industry Linkages: An exploratory study of researchers at the National University of Singapore

Abstract: This paper examines the link between University-Industry Linkages (UIL) and the research orientation of individual researchers, contributing a new perspective to studies on UIL propensity.

Publication: Presented at the 13th International Triple Helix Conference, Beijing, August 2015

Authors: Ng, S.J.C., Ho, Y.P. and Wong, P.K.

Title: University Entrepreneurship Education Programs and the Antecedents of Entrepreneurship Intention in Students

Abstract: This paper investigates empirically the influence of entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) on the association between antecedents of intention as put forth by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and students' level of entrepreneurial intention, with a particular focus on the distinction between traditional classroom-based and experiential education

Publication: Paper accepted and due to be presented at the DRUID-Asia Inaugural Conference, Singapore, February 2016

Authors: Ho, Y.P., Ng, S.J.C., Low, P.C. and Wong, P.K.

Title: Analysing Patents Portfolios to Evaluate the Strategic Priorities of Research Organizations

Abstract: This paper proposes a framework which uses patent indicators to evaluate the strategic priorities of research-oriented organisations, allowing for comparisons across different organisations and time periods.

Publication: Presented at the STI/ENID 2014 Conference, Leiden, the Netherlands, September 2014, currently under revision for journal submission

Authors: Wong, P.K. and Ho, Y.P.

Title: Technology-Sourcing Portfolio, Product Innovation Strategy, and New Venture Performance

Abstract: Despite increasing attention to the issue of technology-sourcing, few studies examine how technology-sourcing portfolio influences new venture performance. Drawing upon the resource-based view and contingency theory, this study examines the effect of technology-sourcing mode diversity on new venture performance as well as investigates how product exploitation and product exploration strategy moderate their relationship. By using the survey data from 276 high-tech new ventures in Singapore, the results show that technology-sourcing mode diversity and product exploitation strategy have significantly positive relationships with new venture performance. In addition, the results of this study also indicate that product exploitation strategy strengthens the link between technology-sourcing mode diversity and new venture performance, whereas product exploration strategy weakens this relationship. This study provides important theoretical and managerial implications for technology-sourcing and new venture management.

Publication: Presented at the 2014 Academy of Management Conference, and submitted to Journal of Small Business Management.

Authors: Lin, Y.H., Wong, P.K. and Ho, Y.P.

Title: Technology Upgrading of Enterprises through a Manpower Secondment Strategy – A Study of Singapore's T-Up Program

Abstract: This paper outlines a scheme that uses manpower from public research institutes to assist the technology upgrading of Small-and-Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrading (GET-Up) initiative has been successfully implemented in Singapore since 2003. The key program in the initiative is a manpower secondment scheme known as T-Up. We propose that T-Up represents a new approach to technology transfer which additionally maximizes the industrial impact of public sector research. Instead of traditional technology transfer modes which are transactions-based, T-Up utilises skills and human resource transfer through secondment of public sector researchers. Findings from surveys show that the T-Up secondment program has positive impact on the technological capabilities, innovation performance and growth of participating companies. Additionally, selected case studies highlight that this approach addresses a wide range of challenges faced by local SMEs and is flexible enough to cater to specific needs and requirements.

Publication: Paper submitted to Technovation. A revised version was presented at the 13th International Triple Helix Conference, Beijing, August 2015

Authors: Ho, Y.P. Hang, C.C., Wong, P.K. and Ruan, Y.

Title: The impact of R&D on the Singapore economy: A time series analysis

Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of R&D on economic performance in Singapore from 1978 to 2012 through the use of time series analysis. The Cobb-Douglas based analysis establishes a long-run equilibrium relationship between Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and R&D investments. We found that short-run productivity of R&D in Singapore is comparable to the smaller advanced economics in the OECD. However, in terms of long-run R&D productivity, Singapore lags slightly behind the smaller OECD nations and far behind the G7 countries. This suggests leakage of value capture and low absorptive capacity in local firms. Possibility of productivity improvements induced by policy changes in the 1990s was considered but no evidence of significant structural breaks was found. Lastly, Granger-causality analysis reveals that public sector R&D augments private sector R&D capital, thus playing an important role in generating externalities and spillover effects. Policy implications and lessons for other middle-income countries are discussed.

Publication: Paper presented at the 3rd Asian Think Tank Network Forum, September 2015, Malaysia.

Authors: Ho, Y.P. and Wong, P.K.